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Prof. Gerhard Seewann
Panel 5 The German Minorities
Abstract
Considering the wide assortment of nationalising agendas the newly constituted ‘Greater Romania’ sought to introduce in its various, newly acquired, provinces of Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, and Bessarabia, the German and Hungarian minorities where from the outset forced to find a strategy of self-defence. The Romanian political elite never tried to assimilate these two minorities, which constituted a decisive difference in the Romanian minority policy – a stance exemplified by the persistent assimilatory pressures the state subjected the Tschango minority in Moldavia to since the 19 century. However, the German and Hungarian communities became the objects of a very resolutely realized policy of marginalisation in the economic, public life, educational, and administrative domains.
In the years immediately after the “Great Union,” both ethnic groups displayed a broad spectrum of attempts to mobilise its members, and especially so with regards to the formation of political parties, the creation of organisations to oversee social and cultural life, and by establishing a wide array of clubs and societies. Towards the end of this drive towards internal mobilisation in the late 1930s, this kind of pluralism came to an end. The plethoras of organisations subsequently either vanished, or were abolished by the political decisions of three key actors: the nationalising Romanian state, as well as Germany and Hungary and their respective policies towards these two groups. The loyalty of both ethnic minorities was divided between their respective homelands on the one hand, and the Romanian state with its segregating policy on the other.
Imposing the power of identification with the ‘Volksgemeinschaft’ or ‘népközösség’, the political leadership in Budapest and Berlin initiated a process of ‘disloyalisation’ to the Romanian state – and that continued in a subtle way after 1945, resulting in Romania’s Germans mass emigration that culminated in 1990/91, and that of a considerable portion of the Hungarians after 1986. As the tendencies towards an authoritarian political culture with a fascist character in Romania increased, the social and political life of the two communities was ‘coordinated’ or brought into line, seeming to offer the only effective strategy for these minorities to assert themselves against the fascist state system that had prevailed in the meantime. In my paper I would hence like to demonstrate how this result came about as the consequence of processes driven by these three state actors , and how they related to each other.
Relevant Publications
- Éva Kovács. “Juden und Holocaust in der ungarischen Erinnerungskultur seit 1945.” Südosteuropa 1 (2006): pp.24-59.
- Mathias Beer (eds.). Südostforschung im Schatten des Dritten Reiches: Institutionen, Inhalte, Personen. München, 2004.
- “Zur Identität der Ungarndeutschen in Geschichte und Gegenwart.” Frank Almai, Ulrich Fröschle (eds.). Deutsche in Ungarn, Ungarn und Deutsche: Interdisziplinäre Zugänge. Dresden, 2004: pp.1-9.
- “Zwischen Positivismus, Anpassung und Innovation: Deutsche Historiker zur Geschichte Ungarns im 20 Jahrhundert.” Márta Fata (Hrsg.). Das Ungarnbild der deutschen Historiographie. Stuttgart, 2004: pp. 192-213.
- Éva Kovács. “Ungarn: Der Kampf um das Gedächtnis.” Monika Flacke (ed.). Mythen der Nationen: 1945 – Arena der Erinnerungen: Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin, Band 2. Mainz, 2004: pp.817-45.
- “Das Südost-Institut 1930 – 1960.”Gerhard Seewann, Mathias Beer (eds.). Südostforschung im Schatten des Dritten Reiches. München, 2004: S. 49-92.
- “Zwangsmigration von Minderheiten in Südosteuropa im 20 Jahrhundert.” Flavius Solomon, Alexander Rubel, Alexandru Zub (eds.). Südosteuropa im 20. Jahrhundert: Ethnostrukturen, Identitäten, Konflikte. Iaşi, 2004: pp.47-54.
- “Zwischen Revolution und Friedensdiktat: Die Revisionspolitik Ungarns 1918 bis 1938.” Praxis Geschichte 2 (2003): pp.42-5.
- “Remembrance Culture and History Politics in Hungary.” Walter Rotholz (ed.). Political Culture in the Baltic Sea Area and in Eastern Europe. Berlin, 2003: pp.124-31.
- Minderheiten: Brücke oder Konfliktpotential im östlichen Europa: Tagung der forost-Arbeitsgruppe III, Regensburg 28. Juni 2002. München, 2002.
- “Deutsch-ungarische Beziehungen 1918-1944: Verbündete in Niederlage und Revision.” Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg und vom Kulturinstitut der Republik Ungarn (ed.). Ungarn und Deutschland: eine besondere Beziehung. Tübingen, 2002: pp.135-50.
- “Ungarn im Blick der Deutschen – Deutsche im Blick der Ungarn 1150-1945.” Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg und vom Kulturinstitut der Republik Ungarn (ed.). Ungarn und Deutschland: eine besondere Beziehung. Tübingen, 2002: pp.167-80.
- “Chronologie zur Geschichte Ungarns und der deutsch-ungarischen Beziehungen.” Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg und vom Kulturinstitut der Republik Ungarn (ed.). Ungarn und Deutschland: eine besondere Beziehung. Tübingen, 2002: pp.193-222.
- “Die deutsche Ostsiedlung.” Hermann Beyer-Thoma (ed.). Münchener Forschungen zur Geschichte Ost- und Südosteuropas: Werkstattberichte. Neuried, 2002: pp.39-52.
- “Minderheitenkonflikte im Balkanraum.” Gerhard Seewann (ed.) Minderheiten: Brücke oder Konfliktpotential im östlichen Europa. München, 2002: pp.7-13.
- “Zur ungarischen Geschichtsschreibung über die Vertreibung der Ungarndeutschen, 1980-1996.” Tóth, Ágnes: Migrationen in Ungarn: Vertreibung der Ungarndeutschen, Binnenwanderung und slowakisch-ungarischer Bevölkerungsaustausch. München, 2001: pp.7-15.
- “Tyopologische Merkmale der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus dem östlichen Europa.” Südosteuropa 10/12 (2001): pp.575-87.
- Ungarndeutsche und Ethnopolitik: Ausgewählte Aufsätze. Budapest, 2000.
- “1989 és más cezúrák a Magyarországra vonatkozó német történetírásban [1989 und andere Ungarn betreffende Zäsuren in der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung].” Regio 2 (2000): pp.237-80.






